The invention provides an optical carrier encoding method, apparatus and system of vector radio frequency signals. The method comprises the following steps: obtaining communication data for optical communication; performing quadrature phase shift keying modulation on the communication data; encoding the communication data by adopting a preset phase proportion after the quadrature phase shift keying modulation to obtain encoded communication data; and performing radio frequency modulation on the encoded communication data to obtain an optical carrier signal. Therefore, the communication data can be dispersed to various quadrants of a planisphere according to a preset proportion, thereby improving the balance of system transmission. Moreover, as the encoding is performed by adopting the preset proportion, compared with the prior art adopting the pre-encoding mode, the invention has the advantages that the complexity of the encoding process can be reduced.