The invention relates to a magnetoencephalogram detecting device based on vector vortex light beams. The magnetoencephalogram detecting device based on a quantum effect and combining vector optical field and vortex optical field features comprises a flexible head-mounted structure, atom magnetometer probes, a signal transmission line layer, signal bus and an analyzing control part, wherein the signal transmission line layer, the signal bus and the analyzing control part are arranged on the outer side of the flexible head-mounted structure; the atom magnetometer probes form an array arranged in the flexible head-mounted structure, the magnetic field detection head of each atom magnetometer probe faces the inner side of the flexible head-mounted structure, the array formed by the atom magnetometer probes is connected with the signal bus through the signal transmission line layer, the signal bus is connected with the analyzing control part, the signal bus transmits received data to the analyzing control part, and the analyzing control part performs overall information splicing and fusion to obtain required magnetic field distribution. The magnetoencephalogram detecting device has the advantages that a low-temperature refrigerating system is not needed, and the device is simple in structure, high in sensitivity, large in detection information quantity, high in spatial resolution, good in flexibility, capable of achieving miniaturization, and the like.