The invention discloses a rod type axial shock absorption and insulation device of a prestressed laminated rubber steel plate. The device comprises lug plates, axial steel bars, two laminated rubber steel plates and a protective steel cylinder. Each laminated rubber steel plate is internally provided with the corresponding axial steel bar in a penetrating mode, one end of each axial steel bar is fixedly connected with the corresponding lug plate, and the position, between the corresponding lug plate and the outer end face of the corresponding laminated rubber steel plate, on each bar body is sleeved with one fixing bolt and an adjusting bolt. Each laminated rubber steel plate is formed by alternately bonding tubular steel plate layers with tubular rubber plate layers, and the rubber layers on the outermost layers of the two laminated rubber steel plates are connected as a whole through the protective steel cylinder. Each axial steel bar is a variable-diameter steel bar and capable of sliding axially and squeezing the laminated rubber steel plates so that the laminated rubber steel plates form a stressed whole. The axial shock absorption and insulation problem is solved, and the rod type axial shock absorption and insulation device provides shock absorption and insulation protection for a device which is about to be subjected to shock absorption and insulation, such as a collection cultural relic storage device, and is capable of replacing a traditional spring-damping guide rod system to serve as a novel axial shock insulation system element of a three-dimensional shock insulation bearing.