The invention relates to vehicular communication-based positioning correction method and device, relating to the technical field of positioning. The vehicular communication-based positioning correction method and device are applied to a target vehicle. The method comprises the steps of obtaining a relative distance, a relative angle and positioning positions obtained through navigation of at least two neighbor nodes, wherein the neighbor nodes are other vehicles or roadside units of which the distances to the target vehicle are smaller than a preset distance; determining the measured positioning position of the target vehicle by using a triangle measurement method according to the relative distance, the relative angle and the positioning positions of the at least two neighbor nodes; obtaining speeds and accelerations of the target vehicle in an X axis and a Y axis of a geodetic coordinate system through inertial navigation; carrying out Kalman filtering employing the measured positioning position of the target vehicle and the speeds of the target vehicle in the X axis and the Y axis of the geodetic coordinate system as input of a kalman filter; and obtaining the positioning position of the target vehicle according to output result of kalman filtering. The vehicular communication-based positioning correction method and device have the effects that the trusted time of inertial navigation is prolonged and the positioning accuracy is improved.