The invention relates to a comprehensive sheave test device for an optical cable. The device comprises a device body and a fixed end, wherein the fixed end is arranged at one end of the device body, a sheave device capable of adjusting pay-off angles of the optical cable and pay-off sheave diameters of the optical cable is arranged in the middle of the device body, and a tensile machine used for adjusting pay-off tension of the optical cable is arranged at the other end of the device body. The device has the advantages as follows: the pay-off angles and the pay-off sheave diameters of the optical cable are adjusted by the sheave device, so that the optical cable can be subjected to the sheave test at different pay-off angles and under different pay-off sheave diameters, influence of different overhead environments on the optical cable is effectively detected, accuracy rate of the test is increased, and practical performance of the sheave device is improved; tension for the optical cable is adjusted by the tensile machine, the optical cable is subjected to the sheave test under different pay-off tensions, different construction demands can be met, and accuracy of the test is improved. Besides, the invention further provides a comprehensive sheave test method for the optical cable. According to the method, the comprehensive sheave test device for the optical cable is adopted for performing the test.