The invention discloses an anti-short circuit current pre-warning method based on a transformer. The anti-short circuit current pre-warning method based on the transformer comprises the steps of determining an adverse working condition correction factor of the transformer according to pre-obtained adverse working condition history data of the transformer in the transformer operation process; determining the current correction anti-short circuit current according to pre-obtained initial anti-short circuit current of the transformer, pr-determined winding deformation testing result correction factor and the adverse working condition correction factor; and determining whether anti-short circuit pre-warning is output or not according to the size relation between the correction anti-short circuit current and the maximum short circuit current of the transformer. Through adoption of the anti-short circuit current pre-warning method based on the transformer, provided by the embodiment of the invention, timely pre-warning can be achieved, the pre-warning capacity of the anti-short circuit current can be improved and guarantee can be provided for the safety operation of the transformer so as to guarantee the normal operation of an electric power system. The invention further discloses an anti-short circuit current pre-warning device based on the transformer; and the anti-short circuit current pre-warning device based on the transformer has a corresponding technical effect.