The invention discloses a CPU (central processing unit) control-based system and method for measuring and calculating power consumption of an Android mobile phone hardware component. The system comprises a PC control end, an Android mobile phone, a mobile phone control program and a power consumption tester, wherein the PC control end is used for measuring, calculating and displaying real-time complete power of the Android mobile phone; the Android mobile phone is used for installing the mobile phone control program for measurement; the mobile phone control program is used for recording and controlling a hardware operating state of the Android mobile phone; and the power consumption tester is used for monitoring the power consumption of the Android mobile phone in real time. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, independently measuring and calculating a relationship between the CPU power consumption and an occupancy rate, and stabilizing the CPU occupancy rate through feedback control, so that the CPU power consumption is stable and controllable, and the power consumption of single main hardware can be calculated in a specific test scene under the condition that the total power consumption is measured and calculated. According to the system and method disclosed by the invention, the problem that real-time power consumption is difficultly independently measured and calculated by the mobile phone hardware is solved, and the interference of the CPU power consumption change on measurement and calculation of other various hardware components is effectively reduced.