The invention discloses a preparation method of synergetically enhanced composite material with high transparency and high nanofiber filling quantity, belonging to the field of nano-composite materials. The preparation method comprises the following steps: 1) evenly mixing transparent resin and a curing agent, then transferring into a culture dish, and then adding a nanofiber membrane into the culture dish for fully steeping, to obtain an infiltrated mixture; and 2) performing temperature rising to the infiltrated mixture prepared in the step 1), generating curing reaction and preparing to obtain the synergetically enhanced composite material with high transparency and high nanofiber filling quantity, wherein the steeping and curing reactions can be conducted under standard atmosphere or vacuum condition. According to the preparation method, the filling quantity of resin inside the nanofibers can be controlled by utilizing high length-diameter ratio, reticular winding and other characteristics of nanofibers, and the prepared composite material not only has relatively strong mechanical performance, but also has relatively high transparency.