The invention discloses a self-adaptive buoyancy micro-calibrating collecting and distributing system for a deep-sea underwater robot. The self-adaptive buoyancy micro-calibrating collecting and distributing system comprises a plurality of self-adaptive buoyancy micro-calibrating devices, wherein each single self-adaptive buoyancy micro-calibrating device comprises a silo, an elastic balloon, a balloon swelling-shrinking mechanism, a power driving mechanism and a control module; the silos are watertight hollow cylinders; the power driving mechanisms are arranged in inner cavities of the silos; the elastic balloons are hemispheres, which are made from elastic materials, with hollow inner cavities, and are further connected with the front ends of the silos with watertight structures; the balloon swelling-shrinking mechanisms are arranged in the inner cavities of the elastic balloons; the balloon swelling-shrinking mechanisms are connected with the power driving mechanisms through telescopic connecting rods; the control modules arranged in the inner cavities of the silos drive and control the running of the power driving mechanisms. The self-adaptive buoyancy micro-calibrating collecting and distributing system is reasonable in design and compact in structure, and can be used for realizing the micro-calibration and the micro-adjustment of buoyancy.