The invention provides a water distribution testing and adjusting device and method of a water injection well. The water distribution device of the water injection well comprises wireless communication equipment, a downhole controller and an adjusting water distributor. The wireless communication equipment is used for transferring a control command to the downhole controller in a wireless mode. The downhole controller is used for controlling the adjusting water distributor according to the control command. The adjusting water distributor is used for conducting water distribution under the control of the downhole controller, and transferring real-time water distribution amount to the wireless communication equipment through the downhole controller by means of a built-in flowmeter. By the adoption of the water distribution testing and adjusting device and method of the water injection well, the technical problems that due to the fact that an existing water distribution device of a water injection well needs to be arranged in a mechanical mode, and a water distributed is screwed mechanically, the operation process technology is complex, the water distribution testing and adjusting efficiency is low, and the water distribution testing and adjusting success rate is low are solved, the technical effect that water distribution testing and adjusting of the water injection well are easy and efficient are achieved, the testing and adjusting success rate is high, and the safety is good.