The invention discloses an address decoding-based compressed sensing video image collection circuit, which comprises a sensor module, an analog selector, an ADC unit, a matrix parameter configurator, an address decoder, a timing controller, a memory RAM and a summator, wherein the sensor module inputs a collected data signal into the analog selector; the address decoder inputs a chip selection control signal into the analog selector; the analog selector conveys the collected data signal into the ADC unit under the action of the chip selection control signal; the summator receives the data signal input from the ADC unit; and the memory RAM inputs the chip selection control signal into the address decoder as an address signal under the action of the timing controller. According to the circuit disclosed by the invention, compressed sensing collection is carried out by adopting a high-sparsity sampling matrix; the problems that traditional compressed sensing is large in random sampling matrix RAM and large in number of redundant ADCs are solved; the size of the RAM and the quantity of the ADCs can be greatly reduced; and the address decoding-based compressed sensing video image collection circuit has high configurability.