The invention discloses a visible-shortwave infrared hyperspectral irradiance instrument for long-term automatic observation. The visible-shortwave infrared hyperspectral irradiance instrument is composed of an optical system, a mechanical system, and an electronics system. The optical system is composed of an integrating sphere, a light guide fiber, three light-splitting detection units, and a solar tracking module. The upper end of the integrating sphere is opened and the opened upper end is used for receiving light radiation from a hemisphere space; and the periphery of a light entrance of the integrating sphere is sealed and protected by a quartz-glass hemispherical cover. A fiber beam is arranged at a light-emitting hole of the integrating sphere and is connected with the integrating sphere and the three light-splitting detection units. The solar tracking module is used for realizing full-automatic precise tracking on the sun; and the full-automatic precise tracking is completed by two steps of programmed controlling pre-tracking and four-quadrant active precise tracking. The instrument uses a two-dimensional rotary table and a four-connecting-rod mechanism to track the sun precisely, so that automatic measurement of total illumination of the sky and diffusion illumination can be realized. The instrument can be applied outdoors for long time and is capable of tracking the sun automatically and sending measurement data by CAN bus equipment.