The invention discloses a dark room broadband RCD measurement method based on compression sensing. The method comprises steps of (1) designing a sparse measurement matrix, and configuring compression sampling testing parameters; (2) placing a scaling body and a measurement object on a rotary table in sequence, and completing echo data sampling of the measurement object, wherein the rotary table rotates at the uniform speed in the sampling process; (3) completing scaling processing to the measurement object according to the obtained sampling data; (4) subjecting object data after scaling to sparseness by the sparse measurement matrix; and (5) using a two-dimensional data reconstruction algorithm to perform data reconstruction of other angles and other frequencies. The method utilizes the coupling of the two-dimensional signal, and improves the imaging resolution under a precondition of the same data size.