The invention relates to a rapid extraction method based on a self-luminous ball camera calibration target, and belongs to the field of visual measurement. Before calibration, the three-dimensional calibration target is mounted, a three-coordinate measuring machine is used for measurement, accurate 3D position information of the center of the self-luminous ball target is determined, left and right cameras in a binocular visual system are used to shoot the self-luminous ball target, characteristic information of the center of the self-luminous ball target is extracted from pictures, and a 2D pixel coordinate of the center of the self-luminous ball target is calculated. On the basis of a direct linear transformation method, internal and external parameters of the left and right cameras are calculated, and stereoscopic calibration of the cameras in the 3D space is realized. The self-luminous ball targets including different numbers of rows are different in brightness, different grayscale thresholds are set, and thus, space information is identified rapidly and automatically, and the left and right cameras are calibrated rapidly in high precision in the calibration process.