A cotton picking head compressing and adjusting device comprises a compressing plate, an inner adjusting spring, an outer adjusting spring, an adjusting lead screw, an outer adjusting cylinder and an ejector rod. The device mainly has the two-level adjusting function and is characterized in that the stretching-out length of the ejector rod is spirally changed through the outer adjusting cylinder and the adjusting lead screw matched with the outer adjusting cylinder to achieve the effect of adjusting the distance between the ejector rod and the compressing plate; according to the two-level adjusting function, the outer adjusting spring located between an inner top cover and an outer top cover has the buffering function and can adjust the distance between the compressing plate and a picking spindle of a cotton picking chamber according to the size or the growing trend of a cotton plant.