The invention provides a particulate sampling and weighing system and method based on a cloud computing technology. An RFID filter membrane holder is used for storing a filter membrane, an RFID reader reads a filter membrane code and filter membrane weight information stored in the RFID filter membrane holder, and a corresponding relation between a cloud database and the filter membrane can be established; a remote monitoring terminal is connected with a cloud server through a network, and the cloud server is connected with an automatic filter membrane sampler through the network and used for controlling on-off of the automatic filter membrane sampler and replacement of the filter membrane; the cloud server is connected with an automatic weighing device through the network and used for acquiring the weight information of the filter membrane with an RFID code and calculating particulate concentration with a filter membrane weight method. The relation between filter membrane sampling and weighing devices and human is established by a cloud control platform, workload and working intensity of manual operation are reduced greatly, the whole process and data in the process can be managed effectively, artificial tampering with data can be further prevented, and reliability of sampling and weighing process of particulates and true validity of the data are guaranteed.