The invention discloses an instruction scheduling method and device based on data streams. The device includes M instruction counting boards, M independent counting devices and a PE scheduling counting device, and a plurality of counting bits and a plurality of flag bits are arranged in each instruction counting board, wherein the counting bits and the flag bits are in one-to-one correspondence; each independent counting device is used for recording the total number of flag bits which are set as 1 in a current function unit, and according to the execution conditions of instructions in function units, the PE scheduling counting device schedules the instructions. According to the instruction scheduling method and device, structural features of the data streams are fully taken into account and used, under the principle of compatibility, by monitoring the execution conditions of various instructions in a processor in real time and scheduling the instructions according to the execution conditions of the various instructions, the load imbalance problem existing in an instruction distribution stage in current computers is solved, the dynamic regulation, control and distribution of the instructions are achieved, not only are the utilization rate of each function unit and the controllable distributivity of resources greatly improved, but also the energy consumption is greatly reduced, and the instruction scheduling method and device have very wide application prospects.