The invention belongs to the field of vibration and noise control of rail transportation and particularly relates to a plate-type rail ballast bed structure adopting a damping cushion layer for elastic supporting. The maintenance-liable elastic cushion damping ballast bed comprises an elastic cushion and a rail plate. The elastic cushion is placed onto a foundation, and the rail plate is placed onto the elastic cushion. A steel rail and a fastener system are arranged on the rail plate. The elastic cushion and at least part of a rail plate body are embedded into the foundation. The cross section of the rail plate is in a basin shape or an inverted-trapezoidal shape and corresponds to the outline of the foundation matched with the cross section of the rail plate. An isolating layer is arranged between the rail plate and the elastic cushion. The rail plate is further provided with a plate body lifting structure. According to the maintenance-liable elastic cushion damping ballast bed, maintenance and replacement of the elastic cushion can be conveniently achieved, and the problem existing in the ballast bed technical scheme adopting the elastic cushion to conduct damping at present is solved, the structure of the maintenance-liable elastic cushion damping ballast bed is simple, the practicable property is high, the safe and reliable effects are achieved, the ratio of performance to price is higher, and the market application prospects are pretty wide.