The present invention relates to a shallow subsurface electrical method detection while drilling method and device. The device and method are enforced in the drilling process, four detection contact points are located on a target medium, and the inversion work is not needed so as to directly and accurately detect the physical parameters of a target layer. Besides, the method does not need to collect samples to maximally keep the physical state of the target medium, and belongs to an in-situ test method, the detected medium parameters are more close to a true value, the enforcement process is fast, and the efficiency is obviously enhanced.