The invention discloses a UWB-based mine unmanned locomotive high accuracy positioning system and method; the system comprises a plurality of UWB label node Tags, a UWB anchor node Anchor, underground communication AP equipment and a beacon device, wherein said four parts are connected through wireless or wired signals; the method does not directly locate the locomotive position, and comprises the following steps: 1, range finding, allowing a range finding node to utilize the features that narrow pulse signal transmission has very strong anti-interference ability, thus preventing positioning errors caused by underground dust accumulation and magnetic field disorder; 2, calculating coordinates in a route, using the least square algorithm to solve node coordinates according to inter-point accurate distances measured in the first step; 3, allowing the monitoring center to finally determine the locomotive position in the mine according to the relative position between the beacon device position in the route and the locomotive coordinates, wherein the positioning accuracy reaches 0.1m.