The invention discloses a rapid clamping tool for petroleum machinery. The rapid clamping tool comprises a base, a groove with an upward opening is formed in the middle of the base, and two parallel first clamping plates are vertically arranged in the groove. The two first clamping plates are provided with first installation grooves, and threaded rods are rotationally connected into the first installation grooves. The threaded rods penetrate the upper side walls of the first clamping plates and are sleeved with matched nuts. The inner walls of the first installation grooves are vertically provided with sliding grooves. The nuts are connected with the sliding grooves through the sliding blocks in a sliding manner. The side walls of the nuts are fixedly connected with second clamping plates, the second clamping plates penetrate the side walls of the corresponding first clamping plates. The lower ends of the two first clamping plates are provided with second installation grooves with downward openings. Gears are rotationally connected to the corresponding second installation grooves. The rapid clamping tool is simple in structure, convenient to operate, capable of achieving rapid clamping and high in firmness, a user can dismount the rapid clamping tool conveniently, and clamping operation is convenient.