The invention discloses a system and method for replacement of a track plate after transverse steel rail pulling. The system comprises steel rail actual locking rail temperature and current rail temperature testing equipment, steel rail stress strain testing equipment, steel rail transverse pushing equipment, track plate transportation equipment, track plate hoisting equipment, a measuring device, a rail steel return-pulling device. The method comprises the steps that a counter force stop block or a counter force device is arranged at a line by a certain distance from the front and the back of the to-be-replaced track plate, pushing points are arranged on the steel rail, a certain length of fastener is loosened, the steel rail is pushing to the outer side of the to-be-replaced track plate by adopting the pushing equipment, and removing of the used plate and in-position arrangement of a new plate are conducted by adopting a vertical hoisting mode. The stress testing equipment measures stress of the steel rail in the whole process; the measuring device is arranged at the outer side of the plate hoisting operation zone to control plane position of the new plate. The system and method have the characteristics that tools are light and convenient, replacement is rapid, working efficiency is high, damage to the steel rail is small, and the system and method are particularly suitable for 'skylight time' operation.