The invention provides a high-speed positioning method and device for a comprehensive inspection vehicle contact network inspection system. Both sides of the inspection vehicle roof are provided with at least two laser displacement sensors. The high-speed positioning triggering method comprises the steps of acquiring measurement data of the laser displacement sensors according to a sampling interval; at an interval of a fixed distance, recognizing a height range of a positioner according to the measurement data acquired within the fixed distance; judging whether the laser displacement sensor positions a positioner or not according latest measurement data of N sampling points and the height range of the positioner, and if a positioner is positioned, generating a first triggering pulse; and triggering a camera shooting assembly to perform image acquisition according to the first triggering pulse. According to the invention, positioners on a contact network can be accurately positioned, an accurate triggering pulse can be provided for the camera shooting assembly, occurrence of false triggering and missed triggering is reduced, and the interference resisting capacity is improved.