The invention discloses a laser-clad in-situ ceramic phase-enhanced Fe-based alloy cladding layer material and a preparation method thereof. The laser-clad in-situ ceramic phase-enhanced Fe-based alloy cladding layer material comprises the following raw materials by weight percent: 8-10 wt% of Co, 8-10 wt% of Cr, 8-10 wt% of Ni, 8-10 wt% of Mn, 8-10 wt% of Ti, 8-10 wt% of Si, 16-20 wt% of C, 1-3 wt% of B4C, 1-3 wt% of BN, 3-5 wt% of Y2O3, 3-5 wt% of ZrO2 and the balance of Fe. The preparation method comprises the following steps: (1) pre-treatment of a base material; (2) preparation and mixing of the raw materials; (3) laser cladding and remelting; and (4) after-treatment of a cladding layer. The cladding layer prepared by the laser cladding technology has favorable metallurgical bonding with the base material and excellent wear resistance and corrosion resistance, and can be repeatedly repaired to be reused, a Y2O3 and ZrO2 ceramic hard phase has the advantages of high melting point, small heat conductivity coefficient, high thermal expansion coefficient, good thermal stability and the like, and the application range of a laser-clad part in extreme environments of such fields as aerospace, ocean chemical engineering and the like is expanded.