Provided is a comprehensive treating system and technique of a black-odor water body based on wheat-straw filter-material filtration. The system comprises a riverway aerator, a mechanical grid, a wheat-straw filtering device and an oxidation pond, wherein the riverway aerator is located at the front end of a mechanical grid inlet, an outlet of the mechanical grid is communicated with the inlet of the wheat-straw filtering device, and the outlet of the wheat-straw filtering device is communicated with the oxidation pond. By simply aerating a riverway with oxygen, removing large-particle scum with the coarse mechanical grid, and removing tiny suspended particles or cyanobacteria with wheat-straw filter-material filtration, the system makes filter liquid enter a stabilization pond for treatment and conducts wetland deep treatment. For the problems that the black-odor river water body treated by the prior art is still unclean, and that cyanobacteria easily breed after water in the treated water body becomes transparent, the system and device not only solve the problem of air pollution caused by straw burning in the countryside, but also treat black-odor waste water at the same time; wheat straw can filter part of cyanobacteria, and leaching liquid can inhibit cyanobacteria from breeding, thereby avoiding cyanobacteria breeding after the water becomes transparent.