The invention discloses a steel rail drilling machine, relating to the field of machinery. The steel rail drilling machine comprises a slide rail of which one end is provided with a tightening device and the other end is provided with an upper box body and a lower box body, wherein a main motor and a propulsion mechanism are arranged in the upper box body; a rotating shaft is mounted in the lower box body, and a driven chain wheel and a drill bit connector for fixing a drill bit are mounted on the rotating shaft; the main motor drives the drill bit connector to rotate; the propulsion mechanism comprises a lead screw driven by an adjustable-speed motor, a quick switch bracket is mounted on the lead screw, the slide rail is connected with the lead screw through the quick switch bracket, and a stroke adjuster is mounted on the quick switch bracket; the upper box body and the lower box body are driven by the propulsion mechanism to synchronously move along the slide rail; and the steel rail tightening device comprises a rail tightening front clamp and a rail tightening rear clamp which are used for clamping and tightening a steel rail. The steel rail drilling machine disclosed by the invention can solve the problems that the existing steel rail drilling machine is larger in volume and noise, is inconvenient for drilling steel rails in a very narrow space, and is inconvenient for drilling in sections and intervals without dynamic electricity.