The invention discloses an optical grating chromatic dispersion imaging spectrometer. A detection target is subjected to converging imaging in a slit position; divergent light emitted from the slit is emitted onto a concave surface optical grating through a fused quartz hemispherical lens, a first fused quartz meniscus lens and a second fused quartz meniscus lens; the concave surface optical grating performs chromatic dispersion and reflection on light beams; each reflected diffraction wavelength is gathered onto the image surface after passing through the second fused quartz meniscus lens, the first fused quartz meniscus lens and the fused quartz hemispherical lens. The original thick hemispherical lens of the Dyson system is split by using the aberration theory, so that the original thick hemispherical lens becomes the fused quartz hemispherical lens, the first fused quartz meniscus lens and the second fused quartz meniscus lens in the optical grating chromatic dispersion imaging spectrometer. The function of eliminating the residue spherical aberration and chromatic aberration of the system is realized. The design system provided by the invention has the advantages that the structure is compact; the performance is excellent; simplicity and convenience are realized; the implementation is easy; the optical grating chromatic dispersion imaging spectrometer can be effectively used in engineering application.