The invention relates to an inverse calculation device and method for asphalt pavement modulus of highway airport based on road monitoring. The inverse calculation device and method for asphalt pavement modulus of highway airport based on road monitoring satisfy the requirement of real-time evaluation of asphalt layer modulus under condition of not parking/flying on highways/airports asphalt pavement. The inverse calculation device and method for asphalt pavement modulus of highway airport based on road monitoring need to lay a transverse strain sensor, a longitudinal strain sensor, a vertical strain sensor, an earth pressure gauge, a temperature sensor and an axle position sensor at the bottom of the asphalt layer. Monitoring data are collected by fiber grating demodulator and load critical information of vehicles/airports such as running speeds, shaft positions, stresses/strain responses, pavement temperature and so on is obtained for input of back calculation. Finally, an analytical method is carried out through a double layer elastic system. The asphalt layer of pavement structure is considered as a whole. The structure below the asphalt layer is considered as a half space body. The asphalt layer modulus is calculated iteratively, thereby realizing the back calculation and evaluation of the asphalt layer modulus on highway/airport asphalt pavement.