The present invention relates to a preparation method of carbon aerogel-conductive polymer supercapacitor electrode. According to the method, resorcinol and formaldehyde are dissolved in a solvent, a catalyst is added into an obtained mixture, the catalyst reacts with the mixture, so that hydrogel is obtained; the hydrogel is arranged in an acid solution, an obtained mixture is subjected to heating aging, an exchanger is adopted to perform solvent exchange, an obtained product is dried, so that xerogel can be obtained; the obtained xerogel is subjected to carbonization under the protection of an inert gas, so that carbon aerogel can be obtained; the carbon aerogel is mixed with carbon black, polyvinylidene fluoride and a solvent, so that slurry can be obtained, and the obtained slurry coats an aluminum foil, so that a carbon aerogel electrode is obtained; and the carbon airgel electrode is arranged in a conductive polymer monomer and hydrochloric acid mixed solution, a chemical polymerization method is adopted, so that the carbon aerogel-conductive polymer supercapacitor electrode can be obtained. According to the electrode obtained through using the preparation method, a carbon aerogel double-layer capacitor and a conductive polymer pseudocapacitor are fully utilized, so that an obtained supercapacitor can have larger specific capacitance and longer cyclic life and can better satisfy the demand of industrial production.