The invention discloses a rapid manufacturing device and method for optical fibers and relates to the field of optical fiber manufacturing. The method comprises the following steps of sleeving the outer side of a vertically arranged core rod through a hollow quartz sleeve for integrally fixing, wholly moving downwards to send the bottom end into melting equipment to be molten in high temperature to form a general-size optical wand and drawing the optical wand into optical fiber. In an optical fiber drawing and manufacturing process, a filling tube rotates, around the core rod, at the top end of the quartz sleeve, quartz powder falls into a gas between the core rod and the quartz sleeve through a bottom opening of the filling tube, the size of the bottom opening of the filling tube is adjusted according to the drawing and manufacturing speed of the optical fiber and the feeding speed of the quartz sleeve, the speed of the quartz powder falling into the gap is controlled, the bottom end which is filled with the quartz powder of the quartz sleeve is molten to form the large-size optical wand, and then the optical wand is drawn and manufactured into the optical fibers. The rapid manufacturing method disclosed by the invention can remarkably shorten a production process from the quartz optical wand to the quartz optical fibers, improves manufacturing efficiency of the quartz optical fibers and accordingly reduces manufacturing cost of the quartz optical fibers.