The invention discloses a preparation method of cellulose aerogel with an orientating pore structure. The preparation method comprises the following steps of accurately swelling and dissolving the cellulose in a step type cooling way, so as to obtain cellulose sol; controlling the physical crosslinking points of the cellulose sol, so as to form cellulose gel; drying the cellulose gel in a freeze-drying way, so as to obtain the cellulose aerogel material with the orienting pore structure. The preparation method has the advantages that the pore structure of the cellulose aerogel can be designed and prepared; by adopting the pore with the orienting structure, the orienting mass transfer property of the cellulose aerogel material can be enhanced, the isolation property of the cellulose aerogel can also be enhanced, and the application range is greatly widened.