The invention discloses a vision-based golf ball-picking robot, which comprises a ball picking device, a ball loading box, a master control MCU arranged in the ball loading box, a power supply unit and a traction unit, wherein the ball picking device and the ball loading box are sequentially arranged; a ball hitting device is also arranged at the top of the ball picking device; a vision detection device is arranged at the top of the ball hitting device; a ball picking mechanical arm is arranged is arranged on the ball loading box; the ball loading box is also provided with an opening for feeding a ball into the ball loading box after the ball picking mechanical arm picks up the ball; a ball putting device is also arranged at one end, close to the ball picking mechanical arm, at the bottom of the ball loading box; and the ball hitting device, the vision detection device, the ball picking mechanical arm, the ball putting device, the power supply unit and the traction unit all are connected with the master control MCU. The vision-based golf ball-picking robot is capable of efficiently and quickly recovering golf balls scattered in a golf course under different conditions.