The present invention relates to a special test device and method for a pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant reactor core neutron measurement system. The special test device comprises a test box and an upper computer; a wireless module, a control board and a plurality of test boards are arranged in the test box; the test boards are connected with corresponding devices to be tested; the upper computer is used for obtaining test control signals which are corresponding to the test devices and are inputted by a tester, sending the test control signals to the test box, recording and analyzing test response signals sent by the test box, and outputting an analysis result; the wireless module is used for receiving test control signals from the upper computer, outputting the test control signals to the control board and sending test response signals outputted by the control board to the upper computer; and the control board is used for distributing received test control signals to the corresponding test boards and acquiring the test response signals returned by the test boards. With the technical schemes of the invention of the invention adopted, the special test device has digitized on-line detection and historical data analysis functions.