The invention discloses a distributed optical cable vibration testing system and method based on an outdoor small span OPPC optical cable. The distributed cable vibration testing system comprises an optical path modulation system and an electronic demodulation system connected to the optical path modulation system; the optical path modulation system comprises a pulse laser sequence unit, a photoelectric conversion unit and a circulator connected to the laser sequence unit and the photoelectric conversion unit; the circulator is connected to a testing optical fiber of a waiving line; the electronic demodulation system comprises a data collection module, a data demodulation module, an embedded processor and an upper computer; the embedded processor is connected to the upper computer through a network interface; the data demodulation module comprises an FPGA data processing module and a time clock unit and a trigger unit, wherein the time clock unit and the trigger unit are connected to the FPGA data processing module. Targeting the waving characteristics of a power transmission line, the distributed optical cable vibration testing system and method based on the outdoor small span OPPC optical cable propose a targeted vibration testing simulation testing scheme, realizes collection and analysis of waving characteristic identification data and the like, and provide theory and practice basis to long distance monitoring on an outdoor real model experiment line.