An in-situ novel energy-source-driven plankton collecting device, comprising a solar photovoltaic cell (2) and a wind power generation system (1), a buoyancy support system (4), a power supply and control system (5), a plankton suction and collection system, and an anchoring system. The device has a low center of gravity, and is self-righting, floating vertically in a body of water. The distance between the power generation system and the surface of the water is greater than 1.2 times the highest wave height, and thus the anchoring system can withstand stormy seas. The plankton suction and collection system is composed of an axial flow suction pump and a bag-like collection net (6), wherein a radioactive elastic fastener is arranged behind an annular groove at an outlet end of the axial flow pump, facilitating assembly and disassembly. The diameter of the mesh holes of the bag-like plankton collection net (6) is less than 0.8 times the average body length of a target plankton, and both surfaces of the collection net can be used. A plurality of the in-situ novel energy source-driven plankton collecting devices can be used simultaneously. An array of devices dispersed throughout a target water area are used for collecting and utilizing plankton, and may also be used to treat and restore the environment of a water area.