The invention belongs to the field of composite material synthesis, and relates to preparation of a multi-stage core-shell structure material, in particular to a multi-stage core-shell structure lithium extraction material and a preparation method thereof. The multi-stage core-shell structure lithium extraction material provided by the invention is of a multi-stage structure and has an overall spherical morphology, the outer surface of the material is covered by a layer of nanosheets and is honeycomb-shaped, the nanosheets are perpendicular to a spherical surface, TiO2 microspheres are adopted as a core, H2TiO3 is adopted as a middle layer, and a manganese ion sieve of a spinel structure is adopted as a shell. The invention further discloses a method for preparing the multi-stage core-shell structure lithium extraction material. The method comprises steps of hydrothermal reaction, solid-phase reaction and elution treatment. The multi-stage core-shell structure lithium extraction material has a relatively large specific surface area and an adjustable porous structure, the pore structure is diversified, abrasion and consumption of an adsorption material in brine are avoided, the problem of solution loss is prevented, and the problem that a nano lithium extraction material is difficult to separate and recycle is effectively solved. The preparation method provided by the invention has the advantages of being simple in process, good in environmental friendliness, low in cost and the like.