The invention relates to the field of materials and specifically relates to a separation treatment method for coal ash or mineral waste residue and a superfine powder additive. The separation treatment method for the coal ash or the mineral waste residue comprises the following steps: detecting the grain shape of a raw material, the mass of a first active substance in each unit mass of the raw material, and the mass of a second active substance in each unit mass of the raw material; and acquiring a combination parameter including the grain shape of the raw material and the mass factor of the raw material, and grading according to a comparison result of the combination parameter and a preset combination parameter, and wherein the mass factor is the mass ratio of the first active substance to the second active substance. The grain shape comprises a round glass body and a porous glass body, and the raw material is the coal ash or the mineral waste residue. The raw material is graded, the superfine powder additives at various grades are respectively doped, and the energy consumption of the superfine powder additive is reduced in the grinding process. The superfine powder additives at various grades are respectively doped, so that the stability of high performance concrete is guaranteed, and the quality and the service life of a building are improved and prolonged.