The invention relates to a polymer flooding production optimization method and system based on a Monte Carlo algorithm. The method comprises the steps that an optimum control function for oil reservoir optimization is generated by a simulator according to an oil reservoir value; a covariance matrix is generated by a solving model, an initial disturbance vector is generated nearby an optimum control variable by utilizing the Monte Carlo approach algorithm, the initial disturbance vector is processed by adopting the covariance matrix to generate a target disturbance vector; the Monte Carlo algorithm including the target disturbance vector is adopted to solve the optimum control function, and an optimum injection-production parameter corresponding to optimum exploitation benefit is generated. The calculation process of the method is simple and easy to achieve, the optimization efficiency is high, the convergence rate is high, the system is easily combined with any oil reservoir value simulator to calculate polymer flooding production, injection-production well production parameters and injection polymer concentration can be simultaneously optimized, an oil reservoir development effect can be remarkably improved, and a basis can be provided for scientific, reasonable and efficient oil field development. The method can be widely applied to the field of oil-gas field development.