The invention discloses a stope filling and cooling device for collaborative exploitation of a mineral deposit and geothermy. The stope filling and cooling device comprises a heat-collecting filling body and a connecting mechanism used for connecting the heat-collecting filling body into a geothermal exploitation system; the heat-collecting filling body comprises a phase-change heat storage material for filling, a heat-collecting pipe, a multi-layer heat insulating pipe, a cooling pipe, a hardened top and a draw shaft, wherein the heat-collecting pipe, the heat insulating pipe and the cooling pipe are sequentially arranged from bottom to top in a layered mode, the hardened top is arranged at the top, and the draw shaft is arranged on the phase-change heat storage material. The connecting mechanism comprises an upper water separator, an upper water collector, a lower water separator, a lower water collector, an upper three-way valve, a lower three-way valve, a left three-way valve and a right three-way valve; the left three-way valve and the lower three-way valve both are three-way flow dividing valves; and the right three-way valve and the upper three-way valve both are three-way confluence valves. The invention further discloses a stope filling and cooling method for collaborative exploitation of the mineral deposit and the geothermy. Design is novel and reasonable, realization is convenient, functions are complete, efficient geothermal exploitation can be achieved, the good stope cooling effect can be achieved, practicability is high, and application and popularization value is high.