The invention discloses a method for detecting the gold content and quality of a gold paper voucher and the thickness of a gold layer. The method comprises the steps of dissolving a detected sample, filtering the solution to obtain a test solution A, extracting a part of the test solution A to prepare a test solution B, performing comparative analysis on the test solution A, the test solution B and the prepared standard solution respectively via an inductively coupled plasma spectrometer to obtain the components and contents of metal elements in the test solution A and the test solution B, and finally, calculating the gold content, gold quality and thickness of the gold layer of the detected sample via a formula. The detection steps are simple and convenient, the contents of only two impurity elements including silver and copper which may be included in the gold paper voucher can be detected by using the traditional detection method, and the method can detect the contents of multiple impurity elements including silver, copper, iron, magnesium, zinc and the like which may be included in the gold paper voucher, so the detection range is wider and the precision of the overall detection result is higher.