The invention discloses a method for directly synthesizing heteroatom-doped graphene by using biological micromolecules. The synthesizing method has the advantages that the synthesizing method is simple and novel; by using the biological micromolecules as a raw material, a special metal catalyst and a template are not needed, and a heteroatom-doped graphene material is directly synthesized by a one-step high temperature carbonizing method; the obtained graphene has multiple advantages, namely the size is large and reaches 1 to 3 micrometers; the thickness is very small and is averagely equal to 0.7 nanometer; the specific surface is high and reaches 491m<2>/g; the doping of multiple heteroatoms (nitrogen, sulfur and phosphor) in situ is realized, and the content of nitrogen reaches about 10wt%.