The invention provides a composite material and steel structure mixed super-large span material storage shed which comprises a base provided with two lines of concave sliding ways, two vertical-type material-blocking walls and a dome part with the two ends being fixedly connected with the upper portions of the two vertical-type material-blocking walls. Each vertical-type material-blocking wall comprises a plurality of sequentially-connected material-blocking wall units which are each of a steel structure, and the material-blocking walls and the base are fixedly connected into the concave sliding ways; the dome part comprises a plurality of sequentially-connected composite plate modules, the two ends of all the composite plate modules are both fixedly connected with the base, and the composite plate modules are each of an arc-shaped structure and comprise a plurality of sequentially-connected composite material units; and every two adjacent composite material units are connected through a pair of connecting plate units which is arranged on the upper surface and lower surface of the composite material units. Meanwhile, a construction method of the material storage shed is provided. The large span material storage shed conforming to all requirements can be quickly constructed. Steel structures and composite materials are combined to be applied, and parts of the lower wall bodies easy to construct adopt the steel structures, so that the material storage shed has higher strength and stability.