The invention provides a wireless sensor network node deployment method based on particle swarm optimization and a mutation operator. All sensors are randomly distributed in a target area, the initial coordinates of each sensor are taken as a particle initial position in a particle swarm algorithm, and the coverage rate of a wireless sensor network is taken as a target adaptive value function of the particle swarm algorithm. Through the particle swarm algorithm, a global historical optimal solution is obtained, an optimal value of a particle is obtained according to the optimal solution, and the optimal value is a best position of deploying a sensor in the target area. According to the method, through improving an inertia weight calculation method, the local search ability of the algorithm is improved, through giving a mutation probability to a particle individual, an individual historical optimal solution is recalculated, a condition that a whole algorithm falls into a local optimal solution is effectively avoided, the utilization rate of the sensors is improved, and the cost of constructing a wireless sensor network is reduced.