The invention discloses a bamboo charcoal and metal oxide composite anode material for a lithium ion battery and a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: activating bamboo charcoal in two steps through nickel nitrate and concentrated nitric acid, washing and drying for standby use; adding modified bamboo charcoal into water, stirring while ultrasonic treatment at room temperature, adding a metal salt solution after uniform dispersion, stirring for a certain period of time at constant temperature, carrying out suction filtration and drying, and carrying out heat treatment under the condition of atmosphere protection to obtain the bamboo charcoal and metal oxide composite anode material. The bamboo charcoal is activated, so that positive metal ions are adhered into the surface and pore passages of the bamboo charcoal more tightly, and the bamboo charcoal and oxide composite material formed after the reaction is of a stable structure. The bamboo charcoal and metal oxide composite material is applied to anodes of lithium ion batteries, and has good electrochemical performance. The bamboo charcoal and transition metal salt are wide in resources, low in cost, safe and environmentally-friendly, and the method adopted in the invention is simple, good in repeatability and high in operability.