The invention discloses a synthesis method of an amphoteric surfactant containing a plurality of polar heads, namely 1-(substituent)-aminodiethyl sodium sulfonate (hereinafter the same). The synthesis method comprises the following steps: step 1, taking n-butanol as a solvent and a water-carrying agent and sodium n-butoxide as a reaction reagent; mixing aldehyde and ketone, which have an Rx group, and methylsulfonic acid to prepare beta-Rx ethylene sodium sulfonate with the structure shown as a formula I; step 2, taking water as a solvent and sodium hydroxide as a reaction reagent; mixing the beta-Rx ethylene sodium sulfonate and aminoethanesulfonic acid to prepare the 1-(substituent)-aminodiethyl sodium sulfonate with the structure shown as a formula II. According to the synthesis method disclosed by the invention, high utilization and low-cost preparation of the 1-(substituent)-aminodiethyl sodium sulfonate are realized through improving conditions including a solvent, temperature, pH (Potential of Hydrogen) and the like.