The invention discloses a multi-version file management method based on a file system. The method includes the following steps of receiving an uploading request for uploading a target file to a preset file directory, and determining whether or not a target empty file with the same file name as the target file exists under the file directory; if yes, obtaining an attribute value list of the target empty file, generating a target version number corresponding to the target file based on the attribute value list, updating the attribute value list, creating a target version file under a pre-built version repository directory based on the target version number, and writing file content of the target file into the target version file. By means of the technical scheme, when a user deletes a file under a file directory by mistake, or needs to use a certain version of the file under the file directory, the file with the version can be found in the file system; the invention also discloses a multi-version file management device based on the file system, and the multi-version file management device based on the file system has corresponding technical effects.