The invention specifically relates to a rapid cooling device and method for Pintsch gas containing acetylene, belonging to the field of chemical apparatuses. The rapid cooling device is a cylinder with a specific cavity structure; the outlet of a tubular high-temperature pyrolysis reaction cavity is connected with the inlet of a cooler; and the inlet of the cooler is a cylindrical cavity with a diameter of D1, and the downstream part of the cavity is composed of a segment with increasingly contracting cross sections, a straight-through segment and a gradually-expanding channel or composed of the segment with increasingly contracting cross sections and the gradually-expanding channel. A cooling medium is sprayed into the cooler at a certain angle and a certain speed through a pore channel; the cooling medium sprayed into the cooler is mixed with and upstream Pintsch gas in the cavity of the cooler; the kinetic energy of the Pintsch gas is used for realizing rapid atomization of the cooling medium; and the purpose of rapidly cooling the Pintsch gas is achieved through high-efficiency heat exchange between the droplets of the cooling medium and the Pintsch gas. The rapid cooling device and method provided by the invention has the advantages of good rapid cooling effect, small possibility of blocking of a cooling channel and low usage amount of the cooling medium.