The invention provides a fault simulation annealing positioning method based on multi-point synchronous measuring data for a power distribution network. The method includes the steps of monitoring the entire power distribution network through optimized point selection of a PMU device, determining the fault occurring moment according to the fault waveform data acquired by the PMU device, extracting the fault waveform of cycles before and after fault occurrence, correcting and verifying line parameters through waveform data before fault occurrence, analyzing and processing waveform data after fault occurrence, establishing a series of voltage-current equations of fault points and monitoring points through a fault analyzing method in combination with the line parameters, and using a simulation annealing algorithm to obtain the optimal solution for an overdetermined equation to realize accurate positioning of a fault point.