The invention belongs to the technical field of lithium ion batteries, and especially relates to a lithium ion battery electrode plate structure and a lithium ion battery. The electrode plate structure comprises a positive current collector, positive active coatings, ceramic coatings and a negative active coating, two sides of the positive electrode current collector are coated with the positive active coatings, the outer sides of the two positive active coatings are respectively coated with the ceramic coatings, and the outer side of one of the ceramic coatings is coated with the negative active coating. The positive current collector is directly coated with the positive active coatings, the ceramic coatings and the negative active coating, and the arrangement of a negative current collector is omitted, so the safety of a cell is effectively improved, and the internal short circuit of the cell, caused by direct contact of the positive current collector with the negative current collector is avoided when the internal structure of the cell is severely damaged by needling and squeezing; and the omission of the negative current collector can reduce the manufacturing cost of the cell and improve the energy density of the battery.