The invention discloses a partial discharge signal acquisition system based on compressed sensing. The system comprises an ultrahigh frequency sensor, which is used for collecting an original partialdischarge signal; a signal acquisition unit, which is connected with the ultrahigh frequency sensor to receive the original partial discharge signal, and carries out the step: 1) carrying out measurement on the original partial discharge signal at a frequency lower than Nyquist sampling rate to finish compressed acquisition of the original partial discharge signal; and a processing unit, which isconnected with the signal acquisition unit, and carries out the step 2) reconstructing sparse representation of the original partial discharge signal based on the partial discharge signal obtained through compressed acquisition, and the step 3) carrying out inverse transformation on the sparse representation of the original partial discharge signal to obtain a reconstructed partial discharge signal. Correspondingly, the invention also discloses an acquisition method. The system and method can obtain relatively complete information of the partial discharge signal under the condition of carryingout acquisition on the partial discharge signal at the frequency lower than the Nyquist sampling rate.